LAST-V2X: Language-Driven Adaptive Scenario Synthesis and Testing for Communication-Induced Failures in V2X Safety Applications

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication enables connected vehicles to make safety-critical decisions, but delayed, missing, or incorrect information can compromise driving safety.

Systematically testing such failures is challenging because traffic interactions, communication conditions, and application responses must be jointly configured to produce meaningful scenarios.

This paper presents LAST-V2X, a language-driven, adaptive framework for automated scenario synthesis and safety testing of V2X applications.

LAST-V2X leverages large language models (LLMs) to translate natural-language test descriptions into executable scenarios grounded in roadway geometry, V2X communication semantics, and vehicle behavior.

The framework integrates physical traffic simulation with spatially aware communication modeling and message-level fault injection to evaluate how information degradation affects vehicle decisions.

To establish whether an observed safety failure is caused by communication rather than the underlying traffic conditions, LAST-V2X employs matched executions under degraded and ground-truth information.

Furthermore, an execution-guided refinement mechanism combines parameter search and LLM self-reflection to identify ineffective test configurations, improve scenario effectiveness, and produce minimal reproducible failure cases.

Experiments across diverse CARLA environments and V2X safety applications demonstrate the framework's ability to generate reliable scenarios, distinguish communication-induced failures from unrelated safety violations, and substantially improve failure discovery through adaptive refinement.

These results establish LAST-V2X as a systematic approach to language-driven, causally verified, and adaptive safety testing for connected vehicle systems.